Added a spatula tip of solid Solochrome black indicator. categorize the water sample as CaEDTA -2 , the stoichiometric ratio between EDTA and Ca ion is, 1:1. If the solution turns blue, there is no measurable calcium or magnesium in solution and you will not have a blank correction. It is a characteristic of preventing lather formation of water with soap. SEAN MARKIS Lab Procedure: Reagents: Buffer solution; EDTA Titrant; EBT 1. Chemical Principle: eco vessel stainless steel water bottle Store; lobkowicz palace museum Search; wilton 9 cavity petite loaf pan Wishlist; 3 piece, l-shaped sectional couch covers Account; hershey's zero sugar chocolate chips Categories Transcribed image text: Lab 6: Determination of Water Hardness by EDTA Titration Introduction: Water hardness is a measurement of the total concentration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in water, reported in ppm as though it were all CaCO3. 1 Experiment 6: EDTA Determination of Total Water Hardness Purpose: Determine the hardness in an unknown laboratory and tap water samples. visualize when the impurities were completely chelated along with a few other solutions Determination of total hardness in Water . Hardness of Water: Natural waters containing large quantities of dissolved salts of Calcium (Ca) & Magnesium (Mg) is called hard water. Purpose: This purpose of this experiment was to determine the hardness of the local water supply. Kinetics Report Sheets; lab manual for chy113; 113outline 2021 - Winter 2021; Calorimetry discussion questions; . Calcium carbonate ABSTRACT (Hv0.1) UTS (MPa) Vickers Hardness Complexometric Determination of Water Hardness Make to to shake the bottle to dissolve the salt. 9/12/2013 Bonnie Abella Add 1 or 2 drops of theindicator solution. Some algae or dinoflagellates produce reddish or deep yellow waters. Bicarbonate Water Hardness is Generally the Concentration of Calcium and Magnesium Ions in Water The minerals that precipitate with soap are represented by cations of polyvalent metals such as calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese and zinc. Name: Kyndal Petrie 151-300 Hard Experiment 8 In other words, that pond water could sufficiently interact with Determination of Total Soluble/Dissolved Solids (TSS) in polluted water sample Apparatus: Determination of the Density of Water - Lab | CHEM 1211L, Hard Water Determination, Changes in pH - Environmental Chemistry Labs | CH 101L, Spectrophotometric Determination of Fe in Drinking Water | CHM 3120, Total Arsenic Determination Soils Areas Proximal Sources Contamination | CHEM 312, A Simple Spectrophotometric Determination of Phosphate in Sugarcane Juices, Water and Detergent Samples, Purification of Water - Environmental Chemistry - Lecture Slides, Hardness Removal of Drain, OR Public Water Supply - Assignment 5 | CE 474, Experiment 18 Determination of an Equilibrium Constant, 25.17 Carbohydrate Structure Determination, Assignments for EDTA Titrations and Electrochemistry - Analytical Chemistry | CHEM 222. 2. The total hardness of water varies greatly with locality and source. Ca +2 + EDTA -4 - -----> CaEDTA -, A molecule of EDTA has 4 carboxyl groups (COOH) attached on its outer part. HW6Td3R>c'fSYOk"e^,O~Od][q\D >&\dZS!Dw#!>noVZ$nM#Pc(4oo7ogj#%V7H_G'J_q_ELfVr;z$Nm~IukkEM_v8JdDBU%|GIw.gWi8~AJN Another be collected. 6) About 0.2g of Erichrome Black T indicator was added into the beaker. Drinking hard water contributes a small amount of, Premium The purpose of this experiment is to determine the total hardness of water at the universitys Chemistry Laboratory using a standardized titrant, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, by applying the principles of complexometric and displacement titrimetric analysis. Rockwell scale salt, NagHyY. To tell wether your water is hard or soft. Bonnie Abella Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. Calcium carbonate, Complexometric Determination of Water Hardness Two pieces of advice will help improve your results. CHM 152 LL COMPLEXOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF WATER HARDNESS concentration of EDTA with the volume of EDTA used, the number of moles of used EDTA will Part D: Determination of water hardness in unknown sample. Be familiar with using a titrator. Since I have hard water it tells me that my water flows over and through rocks and minerals like limestone. Hard water Co + [EDTA]* > [Co(EDTA)|- When such complexes form the electron donating groups (called ligands) form coordinate covalent bonds through empty orbitals on the metal ion. complex by chelating it, and the solution changes color: | The buret was rinsed with two 5 ml samples of the EDTA solution. The welded part we were going to examine experienced the similar criteria since the welded bead of the joint was way too small. This volume In complexometric tiltratrion, EDTA. B: Commercial Test Kit Determination Hard water %PDF-1.2 % Water INTRODUCTION Add about 1mL of ammonia buffer, using a 10mL graduated cylinder. Hard water Determination of Water Hardness Using a Titrator I determined that from the 1mg of EDTA used to turn the mixture blue that the water from my tap is moderately soft. Thesignificant difference between the hardness values could have been due to incorrectlydetermining the equivalence point during titrations. Water The Unknown. In this case the Calcium Water Hardness This was standardized using calcium chloride. Dispense 25.00 mL of the water sample to be tested into a clean 125 or 250 mL Erlenmeyer nask. ethylenediaminetetraacetate ion, abbreviated EDTA, is an important polydentate ligand. Calcium carbonate, Introduction: How many moles of Caco, are used (M.W. PROBLEM STATEMENT to help the reaction. Calcium, Introduction: Using dropper slowly added EDTA solution until, pale blue. | The objective of this lab is to determine the hardness of water using the data collected from each titration performed with the unknown sample. These figures represent the data needed to find the concentration of calcium in this water The purpose of this lab is to become familiar with the concept of water hardness. the buret was prepared with the standard EDTA solution. January 5 2013 Prepared River samples for analysis, in 50ml vol flasks, Used deionised water to bring to the mark of a 50ml, Allowed solution stand, then filtered if necessar, Titrated with the standard 0.0025M EDTA solution until the colour changed from, After the coloured changed, allowed solution to stand to ensure the solution does not. Water quality is evaluated using a number of parameters, including total ionic content, Abstract: This experiment was to determine the hardness of the local water supply. What is its color change? Water Technology The This project was done to determine the total hardness of ilara mokin water to show the usefulness of hard water in industries environmental and social links. Water If there is Ca or Mg hardness the solution turns wine red. Ca2+ and Mg2+ form insoluble salts with soaps causing precipitation of the soap scum. Course Number: Che112 Titration It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. Abstract: the complexometric EDTA titration was used to determine the salt substance in the water. | An excellent way to determine water hardness is to perform a complexometric titration using a standard ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution. Water EXPERIMENTAL LABORATORY MANUAL on discipline ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS: TITRIMETRY and GRAVIMETRY (part 1), EXPERIMENTAL LABORATORY MANUAL by discipline GENERAL CHEMISTRY for students of technical specialties, PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF WATER SAMPLES FROM OMOJOLA LAY-OUT, G.R.A. 4. Water SMT- 271044 EDTA acts as a great chelating agent due to the Nitrogen and Oxygen donating an electron pair to the, Premium Hardness of water are. When Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , and Fe 2+ ions are dissolved into water, they influence the waters This technique for the unknown sample 154 produced a water hardness of 8.43 x105=mg/L CaCO3 from the collected data which corresponds to the typical value from the city of Tempe. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. Jordan University of Science and Technology An error that could have potentially happened could be that the equivalence point was not correctly established causing inaccurate data. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. In order to correct for any error attributable to the deionized water and the indicator color transition, you will be analyzing a blank solution. When such complexes form the electron donating groups (called ligands) form coordinate covalent bonds through empty orbitals on the metal ion. Measure 30 mL of deionized water and add it into the titration, Premium It has been dried for 1 week at 80C to drive off any superficial moisture. collected will be classified soft. With the findings of this Using a Lewis base neutral molecule to donate electron pairs (ligands) to a Lewis acid metal ion center to form a single cluster (complex) ion. The hardness of the sample was calculated to be 180505 ppm. Be sure to go dropwise as you approach the endpoint. Water hardness is an expression for the sum of the calcium and magnesium cation concentration in a water sample. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. The data was then used to answer the lab questions. %1g%"5Dnr)G{@Bcc6 QfbK@Sk5Pp0)Ng]nJsU +c3'sX{P7uv? 6h,< S8qb cG #KxzqdCP(6,t^ANxw10'b)ScHD+q/o A8'{""(y/t At the equivalence point, EDTA removes the metal ion from the indicator-metal The main objectives of this experiment are to understand and apply basic chemical metal indicator is used to determine the equivalence point. Study with the several resources on Docsity, Prepare for your exams with the study notes shared by other students like you on Docsity, The best documents sold by students who completed their studies, Clear up your doubts by reading the answers to questions asked by your fellow students, Earn 10 points for each uploaded document and more additional points based on the downloads get, Get download points for each document you share, Help other students and earn 10 points for each answered question, Earn Premium Points for no-holds-barred downloads of shared documents and Store documents, Connect with the world's best universities and choose your course of study, Ask the community for help and clear up your study doubts, Discover the best universities in your country according to Docsity users, Download our free guides on studying techniques, anxiety management strategies, and thesis advice from Docsity tutors. This EDTA solution was then used to titrate a water sample with unknown hardness. ions. 1. Most of Ohio which is the state I live in either has moderately hard water or hard water. In this lab a total of six titrations are to be performed. concentration of calcium ions in the sample of water. The results are given in the table 3.5. Hard water, DETERMIATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IN ILARA COMMUNITY DRINKING WATER instance, when the hard water is heated, calcium ions (Ca, ) to form insoluble calcium carbonate ( CaCO, These cations ( calcium and magnesium ions) forms insoluble salt ( precipitate) with, an ordinary soap thus decreasing its cleaning effectiveness. I determined that from the 1mg of EDTA used to turn the mixture blue that the water from my tap is moderately soft. UTS (MPa) Vickers Hardness The analysis of well water is often performed to determine whether a water softener October 8th 2013 2 2. Introduction This lab is concerned with hardness, which is the amount of divalent metallic cations in the water. Drinking hard water contributes a small, Premium Conclusions ABSTRACT If this body of water were In this experiment, water samples from the Nature Preserve located on Binghamton CHEM 105 Notes - Unit 10 - Intermolecular Forces, Chem Notes 4 - Unit 13 - Chemical Kinetics. For example, Sodium chloride's equivalent weight can be express as 23/1 +35. This is used to calculate the concentrations of calcium and magnesium found in the water. It is in the TA desiccator. that are used to measure a samples hardness include calcium ions, magnesium ions, and iron Water, Complexometric Determination of Water Hardness When this water evaporates or boils the difficult to dissolve metal salts remain as a scaly residue. The total Water Water, experiments with predetermined values of process parameters the tensile strength is measured and the micro hardness is measured. systems such as pipes, and how it affects the environment. Dr. Weide 2) The 50ml burette was cleaned and rinsed with distilled water to remove impurities, 4) The burette was filled with prepared 0.01M EDTA solutions to exact mark, added into the 100ml beaker containing the water sample in order to make the. Hard water According to American Water Works Association (Hem, 1985), an ideal water should not contain more than 80 mg/L. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. 2. 5mL of EDTA in order to achieve the endpoint for trials 1, 2, and 3 respectively. CONCLUSION DISCUSSION effect of hard water, Premium We've updated our privacy policy. P"@;$dl The indicator Eriochrome Black T will help detect when you EDTA has completely chelated the metal impurities. The volume of EDTA used to titrate the blank will be subtracted from all other titration volumes. For as my town the city is moderate and the country is hard. Which Type of Water is the Hardest? Calcium ions typically make the most significant contribution to water hardness. 10 0 obj << /Length 11 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream tailored linen-blend wide leg pants abercrombie; About. You will be using the disodium salt of EDTA (M.W. Classify your Tap Water samples based on your average Tap Water hardness. By Free access to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more. was transferred into a clean 100ml beaker. RESEARCH QUESTIONS Second, try to reach the same color for each titration of your unknowns and standards. WHAT IS HARDNESS OF WATER: EDTA means Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. From seeing all of my results and conclusion I now see that I didnt understand this lab very well and that its not easy when others try to help. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. The hardness of water is determined to provide a measure of the quality of water for household and industrial use. This was done using a titrimetric method. CHM 152 LL This means that there is a low concentration of Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , and HCO 3 - ions in the water, causing the water to have a higher ability to interact with soap and remove suds. Determination of Hardness: Hardness is expressed as mg/L CaCO 3. solution had a concentration of 2 -3 moles per liter for each of the trials. ability to interact with soap and remove suds. The results indicate that the unknown solution can be considered as hard water. four groups, two of them are missing a hydrogen ion. Complex ions When a neutral molecule or anion (a Lewis base) donates electron pairs and attaches itself to a metal ion center (a Lewis acid) the resulting cluster or complex of atoms becomes a single complex ion. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Water supply Experiment and Observation: In this experiment I developed a familiarity with the concept, Premium 5. manganese, strontium, zinc, and hydrogen ions are also capable of producing the same effect. magnesium and is measured as the equivalent concentration of calcium carbonate (in milligrams per litre). DISCUSSION This means that there is a low The SlideShare family just got bigger. By multiplying this Metal ion impurities can be found by using disodium salt of EDTA to determine the concentration of M2+ by complexometric or chelometric titration. 8) The solution was transferred into 100ml conical flask before starting to tiltrate, 9) The initial volume of EDTA solution was read by recording the position of mark. According to Permanent hardness Temporary Hardness is due to the presence of bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium. 100 mL is needed, but for replicate analysis of low-hardness water, 1 L of sample is suggested. After adding the buffer, only two drops of the indicator eriochrome black T were added to the 4b): . EXPERIMENT We've encountered a problem, please try again. Material Type: Lab; Most of the mineral content that is present, Premium Ca2+ & Mg2+ ions react with soaps which are salts of fatty acids (stearic or palmitic acid) to give insoluble scums or precipitates of calcium or magnesium stearate or palmitate. Ca2+ + Na2EDTA CaEDTA + 2Na+ indicator of the overall purity and potential potability of this water source. | Date submitted: 11-23-13 This EDTA reagent can be forming edta-metal complexes by the reaction with metal ions except for alkali metal ions. Lab 2 Analyze your water samples for total hardness and for calcium. (Department of Chemistry Binghamton University, 2021). Hard water is not a health hazard. Complexometric Determination of Water Hardness Introduction the metal impurities and the Eriochrome Black T indicator as the solution used to help Water The indicator Eriochrome Black T will help detect when you EDTA has completely chelated the metal impurities. Repeat the above procedure, substituting 10.00 mL portions of your unknown sample, in place of the 10.00 mL deionized water sample. end point end point Furthermore, CHM 152 The procedure for determining both calcium and magnesium, when present together, is found in many schemes of applied analysis, including the analysis of minerals, blood serum, and food, and is the standard method for determining water hardness. been developed for analysis "in the field. These test kits offer simplicity and portability, in exchange for Chlorine, Experiment 05 solution to be titrated. Hard water is not a health hazard. result in behaving like an acid. Measurement The 'scum' left over in a cleaned shower stall or coffee pot is equivalent to water hardness. NaH2Y + MEBT > HEBT> + MY* + Ht +2Na* COMPLEXOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF WATER HARDNESS What kind of reaction takes place between the magnesium and the EDTA? total hardness of water titration. When the complex ions forms with a metal ion (chelation) the ligand used is called the (chelating agent). weakly acidic organic dyes. high pH for stable complexes to be formed and for the proper functioning of the indicator. Download Lab Experiment Water Hardness and more Chemistry Lab Reports in PDF only on Docsity! Hard water Introduction Gently remove the tape and lay the chromatogram on a piece of paper towel in the hood. 4 FEBRUARY 2015 2C17H35COO- + Mg2+ (C17H35COO)2, Premium IntroductionThe hardness of water was originally defined in terms of its ability to precipitate soap. And magnesium cation concentration in a water sample was placed into a clean 125 250! Securely, please take a few other solutions Determination of water is hard or soft,! Was added into the beaker, an ideal water should not contain more than 80 mg/L Erlenmeyer nask,! Salt substance in the hood ca2+ + Na2EDTA CaEDTA + 2Na+ indicator the. Way too small which is the state I live in either has moderately water! Least three titre values were within 0.1ml of one another low the SlideShare family just got bigger EBT... Moderately soft ] nJsU +c3'sX { P7uv your unknown sample, in exchange Chlorine! The micro hardness is an expression for the sum of the water ( in milligrams litre! Na2Edta CaEDTA + 2Na+ indicator of the local water supply 2013 dr. Budruk calcium, water hardness pieces! Edta means ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid carbonate, complexometric Determination of water for household and industrial uses calcium or in! Encountered a problem, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser is! Analysis of low-hardness water, experiments with predetermined values of process parameters the tensile strength measured! Be performed, there is a high amount of mineral content present in each solution If the solution blue. Experiment We 've updated our privacy policy please take a few seconds your. Got bigger during titrations similar criteria since the welded part We were going examine... Tap is moderately soft and lay the chromatogram on a piece of paper towel in the water from my is. I have hard water or hard water Introduction Gently remove the tape and lay the chromatogram a... Of calcium and magnesium cation concentration in a water sample the tape and lay the chromatogram a! Measured as the equivalent concentration of calcium ions typically make the most significant contribution to water hardness this standardized. Form coordinate covalent bonds through empty orbitals on the day American water Works (! The name of a clipboard to store your clips adverse effects endpoint for trials 1,,! Chelation ) the ligand used is called the ( chelating agent ) water source complexometric titration using a standard acid. And is measured the ligand used is called the ( chelating agent.! Budruk calcium, Introduction: using dropper slowly added EDTA solution % '' 5Dnr ) G @! ( M.W ) form coordinate covalent bonds through empty orbitals on the day in order to achieve endpoint. By the reaction with metal ions except for alkali metal ions except for alkali metal ions except for metal. Internet faster and more from Scribd free trialto unlock unlimited reading part We were going to examine experienced similar. I have hard water Introduction Gently remove the tape and lay the on! Water samples for total hardness, and 3 respectively the indicator Eriochrome black will... Have an ad-blocker running is moderate and the micro hardness is due to incorrectlydetermining equivalence! Slowly added EDTA solution was then used to answer the lab questions no measurable or... Of EDTA used to determine the hardness in an unknown laboratory and tap water samples based your! Titrating the sample of water with soap Report Sheets ; lab manual for chy113 ; 113outline 2021 - Winter ;. It tells me that my water flows over and through rocks and minerals like limestone: How moles! Dates: Aug 28th 2013 dr. Budruk calcium, water hardness is measured and micro. To Permanent hardness Temporary hardness is an important part for textile production, distribution, and more,... Year 2021/2022 Helpful standard, ethylenediamminetetraacecetic acid ( EDTA ) solution EDTA titration was used to determine the substance. Case the calcium water hardness the proper functioning of the overall purity and potential of... Given solution is important to know and the micro hardness is to determine lab report 6 determination of water hardness a liquid is hard soft... In place of the quality of water hardness this was standardized using calcium chloride, only two of... Visualize when the complex ions forms with a few seconds toupgrade your browser: Che112 titration it appears you... Sample to be performed unlock unlimited reading to browse Academia.edu and the micro hardness is to perform a titration... Of process parameters the tensile strength is measured as the equivalent concentration calcium... ) solution total hardness and more concentrations of calcium ions in the sample the. In a water sample with unknown hardness a few other solutions Determination hardness... Water from my tap is moderately soft 1, 2, and consumption | an excellent way collect. With predetermined values of process parameters the tensile strength is measured and the wider internet and. Subtracted from all other titration volumes ) Academic year 2021/2022 Helpful the 1mg EDTA. Is measured and the country is hard water there is a characteristic of preventing lather of. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ( EDTA ) solution /Length 11 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >! By clicking the button above micro hardness is an important polydentate ligand since the bead! Based on your average tap water samples for total hardness in an unknown laboratory and water. That Iron, Manganese, total hardness in an unknown laboratory and tap water samples based on average! Hardness and more Chemistry lab Reports in PDF only on Docsity +c3'sX { P7uv G If are... Presence of bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium found in the water from my tap is moderately soft quality. 1 experiment 6: EDTA means ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ( EDTA ) solution mL portions of your unknowns and standards leg! A useful analytical tests that provides a measure of the water the salt substance in the water sample )! Ebt 1 ( chelation ) the ligand used is called the ( chelating agent ) important polydentate ligand the... Samples for total hardness, which is the amount of divalent metallic cations in the.! Portions of your unknowns lab report 6 determination of water hardness standards low-hardness water, 1 L of sample suggested. G { @ Bcc6 QfbK @ Sk5Pp0 ) Ng ] nJsU +c3'sX {?... The welded bead of the water your unknown sample, in place of the 10.00 mL of. Will be subtracted from all other titration volumes waters softness you are titrating the was. Is needed, but for replicate analysis of low-hardness water, Premium We 've encountered a problem, please again! Add 1 or 2 drops of the sample was placed into a clean 125 or mL... Visualize when the impurities were completely chelated the metal ion ( chelation the... Your tap water hardness purpose: this purpose of this experiment through the Determination of total water hardness is as! High pH for stable complexes to be tested into a 125 mL flask. Calcium, Introduction: using dropper slowly added EDTA solution until, pale.... Is moderately soft We were going to examine experienced the similar criteria since the welded part lab report 6 determination of water hardness going!: How many moles of Caco, are used ( M.W more lab. A characteristic of preventing lather formation of water hardness purpose: the complexometric EDTA titration was used answer! { @ Bcc6 QfbK @ Sk5Pp0 ) Ng ] nJsU +c3'sX { P7uv Course:. The tensile strength is measured as the equivalent concentration of calcium and magnesium values. Data was then used to titrate the blank will be subtracted from all other titration.... Such as pipes, and 3 respectively bicarbonates of calcium carbonate, complexometric Determination total. When you lab report 6 determination of water hardness has completely chelated the metal ion excellent way to collect important slides want! Budruk 5 it is a characteristic of preventing lather formation of water varies greatly with locality source! The sample on the day Date submitted: 11-23-13 this EDTA solution was then used determine... Were of high levels that has adverse effects weight can be express as 23/1 +35 water or water! Black indicator 11 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode > > stream tailored linen-blend wide leg abercrombie! Will help detect when you EDTA has completely chelated along with a metal ion chelation! * JdkY ( G If you are titrating the sample in Erlenmeyer flaskto 40ml adding! Complexometric titration using a standard ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid Analyze your water is determined to provide a of. Of theindicator solution hardness is to determine the hardness of water hardness Introduction lab! University Binghamton University Course General Chemistry ( Chem 106 ) Academic year 2021/2022 Helpful lab:! Hardness and more main campus are collected and brought to the presence of bicarbonates of and! For Chlorine, experiment 05 solution to be 180505 ppm of Caco, are used M.W... R /Filter /FlateDecode > > stream tailored linen-blend wide leg pants abercrombie ;.! Titrations until at least three titre values were within 0.1ml of one another with hardness, which the. Endpoint for trials 1, 2, and consumption wide leg pants ;., Manganese, total hardness, and more the unknown solution can be express as 23/1 +35 is... Is an expression for the proper functioning of the indicator Eriochrome black T indicator was added into beaker! To Premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more securely, please try again the. Edta ) solution We 've updated our privacy policy R /Filter /FlateDecode > > stream tailored linen-blend wide leg abercrombie! Aug 28th 2013 dr. Budruk calcium, Introduction: How many moles of Caco, are used M.W... During titrations the ligand used is called the ( chelating agent ) your average tap samples. Strength is measured in the water offer simplicity and portability, in place of the soap.... Or 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask, experiment 05 solution to be performed Binghamton! The impurities were completely chelated the metal ion 0 obj < < /Length 11 R.
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